Career history

Michael J. Bauer


Photo: Mike at Bytecraft Automation (2004)

Back to main page


Varian Australia Pty Ltd: August 2007 – present

The company: Varian Inc. is a US-owned manufacturer of scientific analytical instruments. A large part of the R&D and manufacturing is done in Melbourne, Australia, where the company was founded as Techtron Pty Ltd.
Visit Varian's website

Varian employs me part-time as an electronics design engineer in R&D.
I'm currently involved in a project to upgrade the electronics in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer known as "Cary 50".


GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd: October 2005 – August 2007

The company: GBC is an Australian manufacturer of scientific analytical instruments.
Visit GBC's website

My main role at GBC was firmware development, in the HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) range of instruments, replacing the aging "GPIB" (IEEE 488) comm's interface with USBTMC (Test & Measurement Class).


NeoProducts Pty Ltd: May 2000 – Nov. 2000, and May 2004 – April 2005

The company: NeoProducts is a successful player in the world market for "information kiosks", custom engineered in its Melbourne office and factory.
Visit NeoProducts web site

My first job at NeoProducts was to help Neo's development group to "fast-track" the design of a critical component required for a very large-scale production run of kiosks (9000 units) for the UK Employment Service network. The component was a "kiosk equipment monitor" (KEM) -- a micro-controller based module intended to monitor and log operation of the PC and peripherals embedded in the kiosk. The unit also controlled AC power to the kiosk's computer and peripherals, allowing scheduled power-up and power-down of the kiosk, programmed via the kiosk PC's LAN.

I handled just about every aspect of the "KEM" development, from project planning, costing, scheduling, client liaison, hardware and software specification, circuit design, component sourcing, liaising with board fabrication and assembly sub-contractors (both local and in Taiwan), design of test jig for automated testing, end-user documentation, factory test procedure, and development of the MCU firmware.


Photo: NeoProducts "KEM" (mk-I) board. It used a Zilog Z8 MCU.

The second job, some years later, was to upgrade the KEM design. While the original model was very successful (with about 15,000 units shipped in kiosks), customers wanted new features that the hardware platform could not support, e.g. USB connectivity instead of (or as well as) the async. serial link to the host PC. The second generation KEM, "Guardian II", used the Atmel AT89C5131 USB micro-controller.


Photo: Part of the NEO "Guardian II" board. It used an Atmel AT89C5131 MCU.


Bytecraft Automation Pty Ltd: August 1992 – April 2000, and May 2001 – March 2004

The company: Specialising in electronics for the entertainment industry, Bytecraft Automation designed, manufactured and exported "high tech" electronic equipment for use in theatres; e.g. lighting equipment and stage machinery automation systems. Bytecraft Automation (which was a "spin-off" from the Bytecraft Systems and Entertainment group) is now defunct, but in 2004 a new independent company State Automation Pty Ltd took over much of the legacy business activity.
Visit State Automation's website

As "Project Engineer" (Projects and Systems Dept, 1992 – 1999) ...

The position of "Project Engineer" involved the planning, systems design, custom engineering, supervision of installation, and on-site testing and commissioning of stage machinery automation systems, e.g. the "State" and "Status" Motion Control Systems developed by Bytecraft. I also became involved in customer liaison and marketing support roles, often with overseas clients.

Major projects designed and completed under my supervision:

  • Opera de Lyon (France), flying system construction (1992-93)
  • Hong Kong Cultural Centre, flying system upgrade (1993).


Photo: Testing the stage automation system in Theātre du Chatelet (Paris, 1999)

I was involved in the specification, systems design and on-site engineering of many other prominent theatre automation installations around the world, including:

  • Malaysian National Theatre (Kuala Lumpur) automation (1996-2000)
  • Victorian Arts Centre, State Theatre and Concert Hall automation
  • Sydney Opera House flying system upgrade (2 theatres and Concert Hall)
  • Japan Rail, Kyoto Station Theatre automation (with Sansei corp., Osaka)
  • Theātre du Chatelet flying system upgrade (Paris, 1999)


Photo: Just a few of the 230 scenery hoists in the Malasian National Theatre, Kuala Lumpur.

The term "flying system" in a theatre refers to a set of winches, and associated controls, deployed to hoist scenery suspension battons in the stage tower, i.e. to "fly" scenery in and out of view of the audience. The number of scenery battons varies from about 30 in a small theatre to over 100 in a large theatre. The State Theatre in Victoria (from which Bytecraft's flag-ship control system got its name - "State" ) has 112 hydraulic powered winches.

As "Electronics Design Engineer" (R&D Dept, 1994 – 1997) ...

The position involved conceptual design, product specification, and supervision of a small team of design engineers, including direct "hands on" activities in hardware design and firmware development. In this role, I helped to bring several new products to the market, most notably...

  • Operator Console ("Status 600/900"): Based on a Motorola VME 162 (68040) embedded processor board running proprietary application software under Lynx-OS (a UNIX-like O.S. with a real-time kernel) the console featured a graphical user interface (GUI) for system setup and information display. The "real" operator interface for motion control was comprised of push-buttons, joystick and rotary controls utilising small shaft encoders ("digital pots"), plus LED and LCD panel displays. I designed the control panel circuitry utilising a variety of programmable logic devices (EPLDs and MCUs) to reduce the parts count, and developed the code for these devices.
  • Winch/Axis Controller ("Wincon III"): A Eurocard-format plug-in module, "Wincon III" was a digital servo velocity/position controller, networked to the Operator Console via Ethernet and EIA/RS485, and interfacing to a motor Variable Speed Drive via an analog control output. The unit executed precision motion control by tracking a computed velocity/position profile against a shaft encoder input, while monitoring various safety signals from the machine. Wincon-III used a Motorola 68EC000 as the main processor, NS DP8390 LAN controller (in DMA mode), a PIC16C64 MCU (ugh!), plus one Altera EPLD. I designed the hardware (based on an older-generation product) and programmed the PIC16 and the EPLD.
  • Motor-Drive Automatic Patch ("Medusa"): A matrix of controlled switches, both signal and power, which allowed a selection of winch motors to be connected ("patched") temporarily to a variable-speed drive (VSD) each, where the number of motors in the installation greatly exceeded the number of VSDs. (This is because typically, in a theatre, only a small number of winches is required to run concurrently.) Medusa saved on VSD and infrastructure capital costs. It also allowed fault-tolerant operation, i.e. 100% of machine (motor) availability could be preserved in the event that a small number of VSDs or axis controllers were faulty or out of service. Medusa's "intelligence" was distributed among the "Wincons" in the system, while the "patch switch modules" were designed using "discrete" devices for robustness. The Medusa system has been patented worldwide and contains many innovative design concepts which I am proud to have contributed.
  • Emergency Stop controller: System which meets the stringent design requirements of international safety standards (EN 418), with the ability to function properly in the presence of any single fault (internal or external) and to fail safe in the presence of multiple faults and to diagnose and report faults to a host computer.

Photo: Bytecraft "Medusa" equipment racks at the Malaysian National Theatre. (The ugly network cabling was put in place for initial testing purposes only.) Above top: "Status 600" Operator Console.

Bottom: "Wincon III" axis controller module.

Also while in R&D, I developed firmware for various modules using micro-controllers (e.g. 68HCxx, PIC16C64). I also developed Quality Assurance procedures, many product test procedures, technical manuals, operator manuals, etc.
(Unlike the majority of my peers, I thrive on producing high quality documentation!)

As "Product Engineer" (R&D Dept, 2001 – 2004) ...

Back with Bytecraft in a consulting role, I worked with Bytecraft management and a team of engineers designing a new-generation stage machinery control system for live theatre. A major design objective of the new system was to comply with IEC 61508, an international standard for safety-critical computer-based control systems. An essential focus of the job was to understand and put into practice design methods and techniques recommended by the standard to achieve a very high level of reliability, and hence safety integrity.

My responsibilities in the project were: System hazard and risk analysis, identification of safety function requirements, safety integrity level (SIL) determination, control system architectural design, specification of several electronic modules (e.g. "Wincon V" axis controller module, pictured below), safety requirements specifications, design verification, etc.

Photo: Bytecraft "Wincon V" Axis Controller Module, designed for precision motion control of a variable-speed scenery hoist (or other machine). Mike played a pivotal role in achieving the required Safety Integrity Level (IEC 61508 SIL3 rating) for this safety-critical control system component. The module has a redundant "supervisory" processor (micro-controller in addition to the main processor) dedicated to monitoring safety-related functions.

In addition to the above control system project, I later took on a software development role left vacant by a departing engineer. The role involved enhancement and maintenance of embedded processor firmware in lighting products, i.e. high-power digitally-controlled dimmers. Bytecraft dimmers are networked using DMX, C-Bus or LONworks.


Ecotech Pty Ltd: March 1991 – August 1992

The company: Ecotech supplies ecological monitoring equipment to industry.

As "R&D Electronics Engineer", I was engaged in upgrading the design of Ecotech's 9200-series data loggers, including the development of firmware (in C for 6809), plus documentation for manufacture and testing. As "Systems Engineer", I designed custom solutions for ambient air and smoke-stack gas monitoring applications (using mostly imported instrumentation). Commissioning of equipment and customer training, in some cases, was also required.


Industrial Control Technology Pty Ltd: 1988 – 1990

The company: ICT is a small company specialising in plant automation, control systems design and (at the time) custom electronics development.

As "Senior Design Engineer", my most memorable role at ICT was to undertake the complete hardware design and operating system software development for an industrial "weigh-feeder" controller ("MasterWeigh II") for ICT's client Web-Tech, of Queensland. MasterWeigh II used a Motorola 68000 processor and a Maxim 7135 dual-slope A/D converter (for high accuracy load-cell signal measurements). The custom RTOS firmware was developed in C and 68K assembler. Several design innovations were incorporated into the product, resulting in a world-class instrument.


Ballarat College of Advanced Education: 1986 – 1988
(Now Ballarat University College)

As "Lecturer" (in Electronics and Software Engineering) ...

I took this position to investigate the possibility of teaching as a career path and to refresh academic knowledge, but also to investigate the possibility of an "alternative" lifestyle in the country. Duties at BCAE included development of new course material, lecturing in digital and analog electronics and embedded software engineering at undergraduate levels. After two years or so, I decided not to persue a teaching career, and plans to build a mud-brick house in the bush were shelved.


Nilsen Industrial Electronics Pty Ltd: 1982 – 1985

My job at NIE involved electronics design and firmware development for a digital AC kilowatt-hour meter, intended for the measurement of domestic electricity consumption. The product reached a level of performance exceeding that of conventional electro-mechanical devices, with new capabilities including load control and a communications link for data transfer and/or automatic remote billing.

The firmware was built around a unique innovative real-time kernel, efficiently coded in assembly language, fitting into 2K bytes of Motorola 6805 object code, in order to implement all of the required features. Perhaps the biggest challenge was to achieve an accuracy for AC power measurement of better than 0.1%FS using an 8-bit A/D converter. The effective resolution of the 8-bit ADC was enhanced by the application of a dither signal to the ADC input, and various other analog and digital signal-conditioning techniques.

One special feature was "Time-of-Use metering", i.e. the ability to accumulate energy consumption totals for different time zones during the day, e.g. peak, off-peak and economy time zones. A Nilsen proprietary synchronous comm's protocol was designed for the meter's data link, which used IR opto devices for wireless interfacing to external equipment. The meter also supported the Zellweger Decabit "ripple control" receiver protocol (a very low bit-rate comm's protocol utilising AF tones superimposed on the AC mains power line).

Photo: Nilsen kWh meter - first working prototype (1983), which used a Motorola MC6805R3 micro-controller with on-chip 8-bit A/D converter.

Photo: Nilsen kWh meter - early production prototype,
EMS 2000 (c. 1985).

Product history The meter design has since been refined for commercial manufacture, originally marketed under the name "EMS-2000". The metering arm of Nilsen's business grew so big that a separate company (NIE) was formed. Other electrical companies (e.g. Email, GE, Zellweger) jumped on the bandwagon. In 2004, the giant electrical manufacturer Email (Westinghouse) bought NIE and closed it down. The meter, as developed by Nilsen, is still produced and continues to enjoy market acceptance (at the time of writing).


Prior to 1982... I worked at Deakin University as a Tutor, and later as a "Professional Officer" in the Division of Computing and Mathematics. Much time was occupied gaining and imparting knowledge in the emerging field of computer science, also designing and building computer interfaces and micro-processor based equipment for Deakin's computing laboratory. It was during this phase of my career that I designed the "Dream 6800" hobby computer, published as a DIY project in Electronics Australia (1979). Those were the days!


Publications and Patents:

  • "Functional Safety of a Theatre Stage Machinery Control System" - Australian Computer Society Inc, 2002. Paper presented at the ACS 7th Annual Workshop on Safety-Critical Systems & Software, Adelaide S.A. 17-18 October 2002.
    [
    View paper (HTML)] [Download paper (PDF)]
  • "Automatic Motor-Drive Patch", patent spec., 1995. For Bytecraft's proprietary "Medusa" system applied to theatre stage automation installations.
  • "Electrical Energy Analyser", patent spec., 1986. For Nilsen kWh meter energy measurement technique and software algorithm, plus various signal conditioning innovations.
  • "Electronic AC watt-hour Meter using 8-bit micro-controller", Nilsen Development News, 1984
  • "Digital Polyphonic Keyboard", Electronics Australia, 1976. Original design for a digital musical instrument having 8-note polyphony, without a micro-processor. This was my final-year project in the undergraduate engineering course, first conceived in 1972. A lack of marketing skills meant that the instrument faded into obscurity, but it can be claimed that the idea pre-dated the first commercial digital keyboards by several years. [Photo] [Article]
  • "Dream 6800", Electronics Australia, 1979. Build-it-yourself project -- popular series of articles describing a ridiculously simple hobby computer with 2K bytes (!) of memory that played game programs on a TV. The 1KB ROM (yes, 1024 bytes!) incorporated a simple interpretive "language" known as "CHIP-8", adapted to the 6800 processor from the RCA "COSMAC" 1802. It was amazing to see what could be done with the available memory and a "chunky graphics" display of just 64 x 32 pixels, for example, a crude version of Space Invaders, as adrenalin-pumping as the real thing. User groups proliferated. [Article (ZIP)]

Back to main page